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The Handbook of Japanese Adjectives and Adverbs by Taeko Kamiya
Download The Handbook of Japanese Adjectives and Adverbs
The Handbook of Japanese Adjectives and Adverbs Taeko Kamiya
Language: English
Page: 326
Format: djvu
ISBN: 4770028792, 9784770028792
Publisher:
From the Publisher
[The first pages of the opening chapter; without the bold type setting relevant words and with Japanese script represented by X's.]
ADJECTIVES
Introduction
This section deals with some of the main features of Japanese adjectives as well as their similarities to and differences from English adjectives. You are advised to read it carefully before moving on to the main text.
Types of Adjectives
Japanese adjectives may be divided into two types: (a) i-adjectives, which end with i, and (b) na-adjectives, which end with na. I-adjectives are Japanese in origin while na-adjectives are mostly Chinese-origin words.
atarashii XXX new
isogashii XXX busy
omoshiroi XXX interesting
shizukana XXX quiet
sukina XXX favorite
benrina XXX convenient
Noun Modifiers
When used as noun modifiers, Japanese adjectives, like their English counterparts, precede the nouns they modify. Foreign words used as adjectives in Japanese become na-adjectives.
(a) okii ie
XXXXX
a big house
kuroi kuruma
XXXXX
a black car
(b)kireina hana
XXXXX
a pretty flower
genkina hito
XXXXX
a healthy person
modanna biru
XXXXX
a modern building
yuniikuna aidia
XXXXX
a unique idea
Adjectival Predicates
I-adjectives, when used as predicates, behave like verbs. For example, when okii XXX (big) or kuroi XXX (black) is used as a predicate, it means "is big" or "is black," not just "big" or "black."
Tanaka-san no ie wa okii.
XXXXXXX
Mr. Tanaka's house is big.
Watashi no kuruma wa kuroi.
XXXXXXX
My car is black.
Na-adjectives, when used as predicates, behave like nouns. That is, the stem form (the form without na) must be followed by the copula (be-verb) da, as must an ordinary noun. For this reason, na-adjectives are sometimes called "nominal (nounlike) adjectives" or "adjectival nouns."
Kono hana wa kirei da.
XXXXXXX
This flower is pretty.
Yamada-san wa genki da.
XXXXXXX
Miss Yamada is healthy.
Some na-adjectives can be used as nouns when functioning as the subject or object of a sentence.
anzenna asobiba
XXXXXXX
a safe playground
Kodomo ni totte anzen ga taisetsu da.
XXXXXXX
Safety is important for children.
zeitakuna kurashi
XXXXXXX
luxurious living
Sonna zeitaku wa dekinai.
XXXXXXX
I can't afford such a luxury.
Exceptions: The i-adjectives okii XXX (big), chiisai XXX (small) and okashii XXX (funny) may be used as na-adjectives when modifying certain nouns such as those given in the examples below.
okina koen XXX a big park
chiisana ike XXX a small pond
okashina hanashi XXX a funny story
Auxiliary Adjectives
Auxiliary adjectives are adjectives that are attached to other adjectives or verbs. Some are i-adjectives (Examples 1, 2, 3, 4), while others are na-adjectives (Examples 5, 6).
1. Ano resutoran wa takai rashii.
XXXXXXX
That restaurant seems to be expensive.
2. Kono mondai wa judai kamoshirenai.
XXXXXXX
This problem might be serious.
3. Fuji-san ni noboritai.
XXXXXXX
I want to climb Mt. Fuji.
4. Kono kigu wa tsukaiyasui.
XXXXXXX
This utensil is easy to use.
5. Kono pai wa oishiso da.
XXXXXXX
This pie looks delicious.
6. Sumisu-san wa sumo ga sukina yo da.
XXXXXXX
Mr. Smith appears to like sumo.
In addition to auxiliary adjectives, there are also auxiliary verbs. These, too, can attach to adjectives.
(a) Kono heya wa semasugiru.
XXXXXXX
This room is too small.
(b) Kare wa majime sugiru.
XXXXXXX
He is too serious.
Tenses of Adjectives Japanese adjectives conjugate and have two tenses: present and past. The same adjectival form is used to express both present and future tenses.
(a) Shiken wa yasashii.
XXXXXXX
The exam is/will be easy.
Shiken wa yasashikatta.
XXXXXXX
The exam was easy.
(b)Tetsuzuki wa kantan da.
XXXXXXX
The procedure is/will be simple.
Tetsuzuki wa kantan datta.
XXXXXXX
The procedure was simple.
Levels of Speech
Japanese adjectives have plain, polite and superpolite forms or levels of speech. The plain form is used among family and friends, as well as in publications. The polite form is used among adults who are not close friends. The super-polite form is seldom used by younger speakers except in such greetings as o-hayo gozaimasu XXXXXXX (Good morning) or o-medeto gozaimasu XXXXXXX (Congratulations).
"It is interesting."
(a) Plain for i-adjectives
Omoshiroi.
XXX
Polite form for i-adjectives
Omoshiroi desu.
XXX
Superpolite form for i-adjectives
Omoshiro gozaimasu.
XXX
(b) Plain form for na-adjectives
Kantan da.
XXX
Polite form for na-adjectives
Kantan desu.
XXX
Superpolite form for na-adjectives
Kantan de gozaimasu.
XXX
From the Author
Preface[minus the original macrons and with Japanese represented by X's]
The Japanese language is said to be rich in modifiers -- adjectives and adverbs. If you pick up a book or magazine and read a page or two, you will see how adjectives go with nouns, and adverbs with verbs, to convey accurate, vivid descriptions. In fact, these modifiers add indispensable nuance and flavor to the language.
The purpose of this book is to help students obtain a basic knowledge of Japanese adjectives and adverbs so that they may use them effectively in sentences.
Adjectives are presented in two parts. Part I deals with the conjugations of the two types of adjectives -- i-adjectives and na-adjectives -- and of some of the basic auxiliary adjectives. A conjugation practice follows the description of each adjective or group of adjectives. Part II deals with the usage of various adjectival forms. Each usage is illustrated with example sentences, and practices are provided every few lessons to allow you to test your understanding. Adverbs are presented by grouping them according to what they express -- time, quantity, degree, circumstance and so forth. Each adverb is illustrated with examples sentences, and practices are provided every few lessons.
It is my wish that this book will prove useful, that you will come to better understand the meanings of Japanese adjectives and adverbs and be able to express yourself in "true Japanese."
I thank my editors, Shigeyoshi Suzuki and Michael Staley at Kodansha International, for making the publication of this book possible.
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